Encapsome®
SKU# CLD-8910
Description
Clodrosome® is a multilamellar liposome suspension in which clodronate is encapsulated in the aqueous compartments of the liposomes. Encapsome® is formulated and prepared identically to Clodrosome® except that clodronate is not added to the liposomes. The liposomes are filtered through 2 μm polycarbonate membranes to ensure that the larger particles, which may be toxic to animals, are removed from the suspension. Both are prepared and packaged under sterile conditions. When animals or cells are treated with Clodrosome®, phagocytic cells recognize the liposomes as invading foreign particles and proceed to remove the liposomes from the local tissue or serum via phagocytosis. The liposomes then release clodronate into the cytosol, resulting in cell death. Non-encapsulated clodronate cannot cross the cell membrane to initiate cell death.
Control liposomes (Encapsome®) are recognized and phagocytosed by the same mechanism as Clodrosome®. Since the control liposomes do not contain clodronate, the phagocytic cells are not killed. However, phagocytes do respond to the ingestion of control liposomes by cytokine secretion, temporary suspension of phagocytic activity and other responses described in the literature.
Fluorescent liposomes (Fluoroliposome®) suitable for macrophage targeting and tracking are available containing five different fluorescent dyes (DiI, DiO, DiD, DiA and DiR) that covers the entire spectrum. Fluorescent liposomes come in standard and mannosylated form. For more information see here.
m-Clodrosome® and m-Encapsome® are mannosylated reagents that are specifically formulated to efficiently target macrophages in central nervous systems and macrophages that contain more mannose receptors. For more information about these reagent see here.
Technical Information
Encapsome® Control Liposome Suspension
| Lipid Composition | Concentration (mg/ml) | Concentration (mM) | Molar Ratio Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| L-alpha-Phosphatidylcholine | 18.8 | 24.3 | 70 |
| Cholesterol | 4.2 | 10.9 | 30 |
| Total | 23 mg/ml | 35.1 mM | 100 |
| Buffer and Liposome Size | Specification |
|---|---|
| Buffer | Phosphate Buffered Saline |
| pH | 7.4 |
| Liposome Size | 1.5-2 µm |
Technical Notes
- When animals or cells are treated with Clodrosome®, phagocytic cells recognize the liposomes as invading foreign particles and proceed to remove the liposomes from the local tissue or serum via phagocytosis. The liposomes then release clodronate into the cytosol resulting in cell death. Unencapsulated clodronate cannot cross the cell membrane to initiate cell death.
- Encapsome® control liposomes are recognized and phagocytosed by the same mechanism as Clodrosome®. Since the control liposomes do not contain clodronate, the phagocytic cells are not killed. However, phagocytes do respond to the ingestion of the control liposomes by cytokine secretion, temporary suspension of phagocytic activity and other responses described in the literature.
- The product must be removed from the vial using sterile technique. Do not use if sterility is compromised. This is particularly important if a single vial is accessed multiple times over several weeks. The product should not be used more than 60 days after receipt, even if unopened.
- Liposomes may settle when left undisturbed for more than a few hours. Immediately prior to use, in order to ensure a homogeneous liposome suspension, slowly invert the vial several times until the suspension appears homogeneous by visual inspection. Vigorous or erratic shaking will not damage the liposomes but may induce foaming and bubble formation making it more difficult to accurately measure the desired dosage.
- If the personnel performing intravenous injections are not experienced in or familiar with, precautions for injecting larger volumes (~10% animal weight in ml), viscous liquids or particulate suspensions, consider having extra animals available in case serious injection-related adverse events occur. Dose control animals first to become familiar with large volume injections.
- Within hours after systemic administration of Clodrosome®, animals begin to lose important components of their immune system. Standard animal handling and housing protocols are not suitable for immunocompromised animals. Even when such precautions are taken, monitor the general health of each animal for opportunistic infections unrelated to the experimental protocol. There is no inherent toxicity to the product at the recommended dose levels.
- When dosing intravenously, use standard precautions for dosing larger volumes to animals including the following: a) Warm product to room temperature prior to dosing. b) Ensure that all air bubbles are removed from the syringe prior to dosing; intravenous injection of air bubbles may result in air emboli which can kill or seriously injure animals. c) Inject product at a slow, steady rate of no more than 1 ml/min; decrease infusion rate if animals display any atypical reactions such as unusual agitation.
- Infusion-related adverse reactions usually involve the animal gasping for air or other seizure-like movements. Animals often recover with no apparent permanent injury, but any potential effects on experimental results must be assessed by the researcher.
- Liposomes should be kept at 4°C and NEVER be frozen.
Dosage
Appearance
Clodrosome® and Encapsome® are both white milky suspensions made of large micro size multilamellar liposomes. Due to their large size, some liposomes might settle to the bottom of the vial. If left sitting idle in the refrigerator, Encapsome® will phase separate and form pellets in the bottom of the vial leaving a clear solution on top. Clodrosome® might do the same only not as severely. Therefore, both should be gently shaken not to form bubbles but to form a homogeneous solution prior to use.
Educational Videos
Ordering/Shipping Information
- All liposome based formulations are shipped on blue ice at 4°C in insulated packages using overnight shipping or international express shipping.
- Liposomes should NEVER be frozen. Ice crystals that form in the lipid membrane can rupture the membrane, change the size of the liposomes and cause the encapsulated drug to leak out. Liposomes in liquid form should always be kept in the refrigerator.
- Clients who order from outside of the United States of America are responsible for their government import taxes and customs paperwork. Encapsula NanoSciences is NOT responsible for importation fees to countries outside of the United States of America.
- We strongly encourage the clients in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China to order via a distributor. Tough customs clearance regulations in these countries will cause delay in custom clearance of these perishable formulations if ordered directly through us. Distributors can easily clear the packages from customs. To see the list of the distributors click here.
- Clients ordering from universities and research institutes in Australia should keep in mind that the liposome formulations are made from synthetic material and the formulations do not require a “permit to import quarantine material”. Liposomes are NOT biological products.
- If you would like your institute’s FedEx or DHL account to be charged for shipping, then please provide the account number at the time of ordering.
- Encapsula NanoSciences has no control over delays due to inclement weather or Customs clearance delays. You will receive a FedEx or DHL tracking number once your order is confirmed. Contact FedEx or DHL in advance and make sure that the paperwork for customs is done on time.All subsequent shipping inquiries should be directed to Federal Express or DHL.
Storage and Shelf Life
Storage
Clodrosome® and Encapsome® should always be stored at in the dark at 4°C, except when brought to room temperature for brief periods prior to animal dosing. DO NOT FREEZE. If the suspension is frozen, clodronate can be released from the liposomes thus limiting its effectiveness in depleting macrophages. ENS is not responsible for results generated by frozen product.
Shelf Life
Clodrosome® and Encapsome® are made on daily basis. The batch that is shipped is manufactured on the same day. It is advised to use the products within 60 days of the manufacturing date.
